核物理与粒子物理实验方法 Experimental Methods in Nuclear and Particle Physics

学习资料与实例

按章节列出补充实例与参考文献。作业题目见课程作业，ROOT 基础操作见编程与 ROOT 入门。

第一章：射线与物质的相互作用

实例

参考文献

  1. B. Davin et al., “LASSA: a large area silicon strip array for isotopic identification of charged particles,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 473, 302–318 (2001).
  2. M. S. Wallace et al., “The high resolution array (HiRA) for rare isotope beam experiments,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 583, 302–312 (2007).
  3. S. Takeuchi et al., “DALI2: A NaI(Tl) detector array for measurements of γ rays from fast nuclei,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 763, 596–603 (2014).
  4. F. M. Marqués et al., “Detection of neutron clusters,” Phys. Rev. C 65, 044006 (2002).
  5. F. M. Marqués et al., “On the possible detection of 4n events in the breakup of 14Be,” arXiv:nucl-ex/0504009 (2005).
  6. K. Kisamori et al., “Candidate Resonant Tetraneutron State Populated by the ⁴He(⁸He,⁸Be) Reaction,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 052501 (2016).
  7. M. Duer et al., “Observation of a correlated free four-neutron system,” Nature 606, 678–682 (2022).

第二章：放射性测量中的统计学

统计方法与拟合实例

统计过程与计数

拟合教程

建议在学习参数估计后阅读。两本教程均可在页面开头切换 PyROOT / ROOT C++，提供可运行的 notebook、拟合结果与图。

  1. ROOT Fit：从数据、模型到参数与误差：从 weighted least squares 和 Gaussian 峰入手，学习计数 histogram 的 Poisson likelihood、峰与本底联合拟合、面积与协方差、residual、HESSE / MINOS 和拟合稳定性。
  2. RooFit：从 PDF 到组合模型与 likelihood：从归一化 PDF 与数据集入手，学习 workspace、signal + background、binned / unbinned 与 extended likelihood、profile、simultaneous fit 和 toy 验证。

常规 ROOT Fit 用 TF1 直接描述 histogram 或 graph 的拟合函数；RooFit 用 PDF、组分与数据集组织概率模型。区别主要在模型组织方式，不是分别对应 least squares 和 maximum likelihood。

专题查阅

参考文献

  1. K. Morita et al., “New Result in the Production and Decay of an Isotope, ²⁷⁸113, of the 113th Element,” J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 81, 103201 (2012). 少计数事件与本底概率。
  2. D. S. Ahn et al., “Location of the Neutron Dripline at Fluorine and Neon,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 212501 (2019). 未观测到事件时的统计推断。
  3. C. B. Hinke et al., “Superallowed Gamow–Teller decay of the doubly magic nucleus ¹⁰⁰Sn,” Nature 486, 341–345 (2012). 衰变数据的参数估计。
  4. T. Zheng et al., “Study of halo structure of ¹⁶C from reaction cross section measurement,” Nucl. Phys. A 709, 103–118 (2002). 截面测量与系统误差。

第三章：探测器信号的一般特征

第四章：气体探测器

栅极电离室（GIC）

  1. 信号形成与模拟：α 径迹、感应电流与电荷、前放响应、能量—角度关联与波形累积图。
  2. 实验波形、成型与物理量提取：原始与滤波波形、成型与定时、阴极—阳极关联、角度选择及实验—模拟比较。

参考文献

  1. A. Göök et al., “Application of the Shockley–Ramo theorem on the grid inefficiency of Frisch grid ionization chambers,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 664, 289–293 (2012).
  2. J. Liu et al., “The impacts of the ballistic deficit and electron attachment on the pulse shapes of the Frisch-grid ionization chamber,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 1014, 165751 (2021).
  3. J. Liu et al., “Improved method to measure the electron drift velocity using the Frisch-grid ionization chamber,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 1004, 165363 (2021).
  4. J. Liu et al., “Research on the electron attachment of oxygen using a Frisch-grid ionization chamber,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 1013, 165669 (2021).
  5. H. Kumagai et al., “Development of Parallel Plate Avalanche Counter (PPAC) for BigRIPS fragment separator,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 317, 717–727 (2013).

后续课程